Maintainance Of Effective Transportation

 The importance of maintenance is increasingly recognized as we continue in the 21st century. With the Interstate highway system essentially in place, the focus of transportation programs is shifting from capital investment to maintenance and operation.An effective and efficient road transport system mostly requires regular road maintainance.Road transportation forms an important part of the social safety net, facilitating the distribution of wealth through trade and employment opportunities in both urban and rural communities.Road transportation facilitates the movement of people, goods and services in all sectors of the economy, including tourism, mining, trade, health, education and agriculture, among others. An effective and efficient road transport system reduces cost and comparative distances between trading partners, thereby increasing trade effectiveness and maximizing returns on existing industrial investments and production.The present condition of the roads is said to not only pose a challenge to trading and economic activities for the people in the district,but has been described as a death-trap for drivers and traders who ply the roads on a daily basis.Traders and farmers are worst_affected as they have difficulty in carting food produce and goods to surrounding market centres.The major trends that affect maintainance include:

• Slow growth of Infrastructure , so the maintenance, preservation, and rehabilitation of existing infrastructure are becoming increasingly more important

 • Technology is changing the kinds of information and infrastructures that must be maintained. As we are in 21^st centure , various Advanced technology is increasingly being incorporated into the transportation infrastructure, and as a result, new maintenance procedures and a very different set of skills for maintenance managers as well as maintenance workers are must for the proper maintainance.

 • Technology is affecting how maintenance is performed.

• Recruiting and retaining a skilled DOT work force are becoming more difficult

• Environmental concerns continue to have a significant effect on maintenance. 

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Transportation And Energy Consumption

Transportation and energy is  an application of standard physics where giving momentum to a mass is directly proportional to the amount of energy. The major source of energy for transportation is the petroleum. Energy sources that are used in several major ways are

·                  Gasoline is used in cars, motorcycles, light trucks, and boats. Aviation gasoline is used in many types        of airplanes.
·        .Diesel fuel (or distillate fuel) is used mainly by trucks, buses, and trains, and in boats and ships.
·         Kerosene is used in jet airplanes and some types of helicopters.
·         Residual fuel oil is used in ships.
·         Biofuels are added to gasoline and diesel fuel.
·         Natural gas is used as compressed natural gas and liquefied natural gas in cars, buses, and trucks.
·         Natural gas is also used to operate compressors to move natural gas in pipelines.
·         Propane (a hydrocarbon gas liquid) is used in cars, buses, and trucks. Public mass transit systems and  electric vehicles run due to electricity.

Transport and energy have a direct relationship but it subjects to different interpretations since it is concerned with different transportation modes each having their own utility and performance level. There is often a compromise between the consumption of speed and energy,related to the desired economic returns. Passengers and high value goods can be transported in short time  but energy intensive modes since the time component of their mobility tends to have a high value, which conveys the willingness to consume  more energy.The three energy issues which have a direct impact on  Transportation markets are :

• The price level and volatility of energy sources which are dependent on the processes used in their production.
• Technological and technical changes in the level of energy performance of transport modes and their terminals. An important goal is  to improve this energy performance since it is linked with direct economic benefits for both operators (lower operating costs) and users (lower rates).

Environmental externalities  that is related to the use of specific modes and energy sources and the goal to reduce them

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Environmental Impact Of Transportation

The environmental impact of transportation is significant because it is a major user of energy,and burns most of the world's petroleum converting into harmful smoke.This creates air pollution,including nitrous oxides and particulates which affests peoples respiratory system and causes various diseases. It is also a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide,road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.There are so much of vehicles in the city ,which we use in our daily life for our comfort.Old vehicles produces lots of smoke which pollutes air so such vehicles should be repaired or replaced.The transportation sector is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs).An estimated 30 percent of national GHGs are directly attributable to transportation and in some regions the proportion is even higher.Transportation methods have made our life simpler but on the other hand they are the greatest contributing source of GHGs.Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. It is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain if we control reduction of  transportation emissions globally.smog and climate change which is of major concern today.Climate change is the sum total impact of several natural and human made factors. The health impact of transport emissions is  of major  concern. A recent survey  on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.The role of transportation as a source of emission of pollutants and their multiple impacts on the environments  have been expanded due to the growth of personal and freight mobility in recent decades.

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How Has Transportation Changed Peoples Life ?

Transportation has helped a lot to change lives through facilitating trade, travel and exchange people to connect with others easily and have improved the distribution of goods around the different parts of the world.It has brought a drastic change in the living style of people as well. Trains, ships, vehicles and other forms of transportation have been enabled nowadays.Airplanes have enabled different geographical areas to connect easily which allows the people to reach the distant places in short time ,thus saves time.For shorter distances, helicopters are used.They are also used to reach interior areas to deliver aid and save lives wen needed.The hilly areas where aeroplane cannot be landed ,in such places helicopter plays a great role in reaching people and delivering goods ,medicines and recuing people in an emergency case.Trains have allowed goods to be transported easily and quickly over long distances but in Nepal we are not faciliated with this facility.{reviously there was one railway ,but nowadays it has been stoped due to some  internal problemsof the country.In many developed countries,intercity high-speed trains make up the backbone of public transport in many cities. For example, the New York City Subway is the largest in the world by the number of stations and number of roots.Road transport,such as cycles and vehicles, have increased mobility of people and allowed distribution of goods in lower cost as well as compared to other means of transport.Automobiles have also  provided new forms of social opportunities through sub-urbanization and also have created job opportunities for many people.Water transport,which is not available in our country as we all know that Nepal is a land-locked country, is commonly used to move heavy cargoes.In the past, water transport played an important role in the exploration of the earth allowing new areas and people to be discovered.Today, transportation has become a core component in nearly all activities.

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Importance Of Transportation

Transportation is an important infrastructure of any country's dvelopment.It is important for multiple reasons that include travelling from one place to another, economic activity and mobility.It is also important because it facilitates trade that includes export and import,exchange and includes travel. Without effective transportation, regions are largely isolated from each other and we lack backward in development.Effective,efficient and affordable transportation also plays a vital role in letting people move to new areas and explore.Travelling to different places and mobility are difficult without the use of transportation facilities, and transportation provides an effective way to transport people and commodities from one place to another place. There are various methods of transportation  which include buses, planes, boats, trains, cars and other vehicles.Economic activity is an important aspect of transportation .The availability of transportation helps to determine the location and success of economic activity.Most industries and factories require raw materials and access to transportation in order to maintain a steady profit. Employees and residents require a method of traveling back and forth to work.Well-developed transportation methods such as rail systems,air transportation,waterways and interstate highways promote economic activity.Improving access to developed transportation increases activity in both rural,underdeveloped and urban areas.Transportation is a significant aspect of life that allows products or passengers to go places and conduct business. Most businesses require some form of transportation for daily operations which makes the work little easier and faster, and those businesses which have minimal use of transportation often experience a decrease in business.Commercial businesses that desire access to a high volume of customers should offer a location that is accessible by multiple forms of  transportation so that they can deliver their services to their desired customers at right time and achieve customers satisfaction.So,transportation have been an important aspect in business. Transportation is important for moving food, furniture, medicine, chemicals, clothing and other valuable necessities

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Waterways,Railways And Ropeways Transportation In Nepal

As we know that there are many hills and mountains in most parts of our country,Railway service is limited in our country.Despite of that a small part in the Terai has been facialiated with the railway transport.The only railway that is operative in Nepal is Janakpur-Jaynagar Railway which connects Bijalpura with Jaynagar in India and covers a distance of 53 kilometres.But the railway service in Nepal is not very good.The engines and the carriages are very old, and during the rainy season,the service is disrupted.There was another railway running from Amlekhgunj to Raxaul in India but it has been discontinued now.We mustextend railways at least across the Terai region for the national development.

Ropeways are very useful in Nepal as there are many mountains.Mt.Everest ,the tallest mountain is also situated in Nepal which has made Nepal renowned throught the world.Many tourists come here to visit these natural beauties that are present here.There are two ropeways currently operative in our country. Cable Car service operates from Kurintar in Chitwan District to the famous Manakamana temple in Gorakha district.Its length is 3.1 km. Another ropeway which runs from Hetauda to Kathmandu is 42 km. long but it is not running regularly due to the lack of proper maintainance.

As we know that Nepal is the second largest  country in water resources,about 70% of the land is covered with water,in spite of these vast water resources in Nepal,we have no reliable water transport.Since our rivers mostly flow down steep slopes so these rivers are not suitable for utilising as  the means of transport.As Nepal is a land-locked country,we donot have access to seas or oceans.So good water transport is lacking in Nepal.However, rafting is very popular in the Trishuli and the Kaligandaki rivers.Boating services are available in some famous lakes like Phewa, Rupa, Begnas etc.Steamers are sailing on the reservoir of Kaligandaki A Hydropower of Syangja. We need to widely utilize this potential of water transport which leads to the rapid development of the country.

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Airways Transportation In Nepal

An airway is a legally defined corridor that connects one specified location to another at a specified altitude.Air transport has been operating in our country since 1953 AD.NAC known as Nepal Airlines Corporation came into existence in 1958 AD which  was originally called Royal Nepal Airlines Corporation (RNAC) before 2063 BS.The NAC planes fly to different places in the country and abroad like India, Pakistan, Japan, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Qatar and Bangkok. There are several airlines that are operating their flights in Nepal except NAC.Some of them are  Yeti Airlines, Buddha Airways, Gorkha Air, Shangrila Air,Tara air,Simrik airlines and Sita Airways.There are about a total of  52 airports in different parts of  Nepal.Although we are not been able to operate airways in each and every districts of the country,however the remote parts of Nepal have air links with the capital or other large cities.Helicopter services are also available in our country.Though it is a bit expensive and every people cannot afford its cost,air service is very important in Nepal because many places in the mountains still have to rely on this service and it is essential for tourism and external trade of the country.There is only one International airport in Nepal which is known as Tribhuvan International Airport situated in the capital city of Nepal i.e. Kathmandu.This airport has one domestic and one international  terminal.Currently, these airlines operate international flights to Nepal:South Asian,Druk Air,SpiceJet,IndiGo,Air India,Jet Airways,Biman Bangladesh,Bhutan Airlines (Tashi Air),South East Asian,Thai Airways,Malaysia Airlines,Air Asia X,Malindo Air (from February 6, 2015),Silk Air,China/Korea,Air China,China Eastern Airlines,China Southern Airlines,Dragonair,Sichuan Airlines,Korean Air.Gulf:Air Arabia,Etihad Airways,FlyDubai,Oman Air,Qatar Airways:Europe,Turkish Airlines.Airlines of Nepal operating international flights:Buddha Air and Nepal Airlines.

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Roadways Transportation In Nepal

Among the various means of transportation,Roadways is the major means in Nepal.Nepal has made considerable progress in roadways as it is the cheapest means of  transport compared to other means that are available in our country.There are several highways which link to different parts of the country. Some of the important highways among our roads are as follows:

1. Mahendra Highway also known as East-West highway which links Mechi-Mahakali runs across the terai geographical region of Nepal from mechinagar in the east to Bhim Datta in the west.It is the longest highway in Nepal which was constructed by CPWD/PWD India engineers with lots of their workers.
2.The construction of Prithvi Highway which links  Naubise-Pokhara was started in 1967 with the help of Chinese government.It is named after King Prithvi Narayan Shah on his memory.
3.Tribhuwan Highway informally known as Byroad which links Naubise ,west of Kathmandu with the Indian border at Raxaul.This highway was named in memory of King Tribhuvan.The highway was constructed with the assistance of Indian government.
4.Siddhartha Highway is a major highway in Nepal  which links Pokhara-Sunauli (Bhairahawa).It was named in the memory of Siddhartha Gautam(Gautam Buddha) and its construction was completed with the help of Indian government.This highway is mainly used for the transportation of food and agricultural products.
5.Araniko Highway which links  Kathmandu-Kodari is among the most dangerous roadway in Nepal because of its extremely steep slopes on each sides of its road.Its constructon was completed with the help of chinese governmnet on an older yak track.This highway is named after Arniko ,a Nepalese architect.
6. B.P. Koirala Highway,also known as Banepa Bardibas Highway which links Banepa-Bardiwas (Mahottari) is a highway in Eastern Nepal.The construction of this highway was completed with the help of Japnese Government.
7.Karnali Highway,a vital transport link between two regions in Nepal,links the towns of Jumla,the capital of Karnali and Surkhet.  

            Besides these major highways,there are some  other highways which are Pokhara-Baglung Highway, Tansen-Tamghas Highway, Gorusinge-Sandhikharka Highway,Nepalgunj-Surkhet,Highway, Kathmandu-Jiri Highway,Kathmandu-Dhading Highway, Ilam-Taplejung Highway, etc. Apart from these local highways, mule-trails and foot-trails are also developing

in different parts of the country along with people’s participation.

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Condition Of Transportation In Nepal

As we all know that Nepal is a poor country,as it is in its developing stage,it has not been able to make any advance development in its transportation system.Still now more than  50% of the people live in the rural areas which are not so developed,they still have a traditional lifestyle as compared to the people living in the urban areas such as towns and cities which are much more developed than the rural areas. There is a vast difference in the education system as well.People living in the urban areas are much more educated and are aware of the public development and contribute towards the national development.People living there are facing lots of problems,whenever a person becomes ill they have to go the cities or towns for their treatment and there are no enough means of transportation available there so people have to walk for long distances to reach to the place where there are health facilities even for the small treatment.In some serious cases, it may even lead to the death of people because they cannot take the patients in right time to the hospital which is also due to the lack of transportation facility.So the government must focus on the development of rural areas including the urban areas ,and provide every facilities to the people living over there because for the complete development oa a nation,it is necessary to take all the people living both in  rural and the urban areas at an equal level. 

                       

The various systems of transportthat are available nowadays.They are roadways, airways, waterways, railways and ropeways out Of which,Nepal has mainly  developed two means of transport: Roadways and Airways.But Nepal has still not made a satisfactory development in transportation sector,it is still poor in transport.There are two main reasons for it:physical feature and economic backwardness of the country. As we know Nepal is a mountainous country,there are high mountains, hills,deep valleys and rivers so building roads in such places is very difficult and challenging.Besides,Nepal is a landlocked country so sea-route i.e Waterways is not available.Also due to the poor economic condition of the country,it is difficult to meet the high expenses of constructing roads.We have to depend upon other countries’ assistance for major roads.So people living in the mountains still use animals like yaks, ponies, sheep, etc.to carry goods for their comfortness.Even in the rural areas of the terai bullock carts, horses, bicycles, etc. are used for transportation.The natural disasters like flood, landslide,soil erosion, etc.occur frequently and damage our roads and bridges which causes extra loss because these roads needs reconstruction which causes the loss of money which may be utilised in building roads on other places.So,transportation sector needs to be given more emphasis for the further development of country because as  we all know that other infrastructures of development such as education,health,water facilty etc also depends on it. 

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Transportation System In Nepal

As we all know transportation is the main infrastructure of any  country's development,so for the development of the country first of all the focus should be given on the infrastructures of which transportation is the main.Transportation means carrying people and goods from one place to another which has become very important both in our daily life and in the process of national development.We cannot walk long distances on foot nor can we carry heavy loads on our back.Various means of transportation has made our life more easier nowdays.Other infrastructures of development also depend on the development of transport.The development of schools for education or hospitals for health services for people,we need the means of transportation such as trucks,tractors or dozers to carry brick, stone, sand, cement, etc.Man is a social animal who has social relations  with other people who live  near or  far from them.People have to go to distant places in search of better job so that they can fulfill the needs of their family members.They need to go home in their holidays to meet and spend quality time with their family so the means of transportation has made it possible,they can reach distant places in short time.Besides this,as many technologies have developed , our requirements have also increased tremendously.We need to import and export goods,here also lies the importance of transport.

Previously there were no any means of transport like buses,trains,bykes,scooties not even cycle.People had to walk for days and months to reach the places they want.So even for a small work or to reach next place far from them ,lots of time was wasted.After some years people used various animals  like ponies, yaks, elephants, donkeys, tongas, wheelbarrows, bullock-carts, rickshaws etc as a means of transport which were very slow even though it made their life somewhat easier.Nowadays the fast means of transport like motorcycles,zeeps, cars, trains, ships, helicopters, aeroplanes, rockets, etc.have been developed .Some of them run on the road, some sail on water and some fly in the sky.So, the various means of transport that are available in our country are Roadways,Airways,Railways,Ropeways etc.Transport has made the world smaller and our life has become easier.It has helped to grow friendliness with other countries.Internal trade and overseas trade have increased.It also have some bad effect,fast means of transport like aeroplanes and rockets are used to drop bombs during wars,destroying human settlements and killing innocent civilians.This is a misuse of transport.Similarly many people are killed or injured when heavy accidents occur in the transport sector.

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